Dairy and plant-based milk alternatives as part of a more sustainable diet

This DGE position statement elucidates the significance of dairy (cow’s milk and products produced from it) in dietary habits and provides a contextual framework for the comparison of plant-based milk alternatives (PBMA) with cow’s milk in regard to the dimensions of a more sustainable diet, primarily health and environmental impact.

Dairy is a common component of the diet in Germany, providing essential nutrients, particularly calcium, iodine, vitamin B 12 and riboflavin, and exerting other beneficial effects on human health. The nutrient profiles of PBMA differ considerably from that of cow’s milk, particularly in the absence of fortification with nutrients. The bioavailability of added nutrients can vary. PBMA contain less saturated fatty acids than cow’s milk and no cholesterol, but some contain phytochemicals and fibre. The heterogeneity of PBMA complicates the drawing of any definitive conclusions related to health.

Production of animal-source foods has a considerable environmental impact. On average, PBMA have lower values for greenhouse gas emissions, water and land use than cow’s milk.

Given the beneficial effects of dairy on human health, the DGE recommends their daily intake. For individuals who consume minimal or no dairy or who exceed the recommended intake, the DGE advocates the use of PBMA. This contributes to reduce the diet-induced impact on the environment. When choosing PBMA, it is crucial to consider the fortification with essential nutrients (particularly calcium, iodine, vitamin B 12 and riboflavin) or to ensure the intake of these nutrients from alternative sources. This is particularly relevant for individuals who opt for PBMA instead of cow’s milk, either partially or entirely.

• Ernahrungs Umschau 2024; 71(12): 162-82 (below German version)

• FAQ about plant-based milk alternatives (only in German)