Evidence-based guidelines on the impact of macronutrients on health-related outcomes
The guidelines are based on systematic literature searches. During the process, the results of systematic literature searches are critically reviewed and the overall certainty of evidence is evaluated according to predefined criteria. At the end the practical consequences for current dietary recommendations are described.
Evidence-based guideline on dietary carbohydrate intake and health-related outcomes
The new evidence-based guideline on carbohydrate intake of the DGE focuses on the impact of the quantity and quality of dietary carbohydrates on health-related outcomes. Relevant aspects of carbohydrate intake include total carbohydrates, dietary sugar, starch, the dietary glycaemic index, the dietary insulin index, dietary glycaemic load, dietary insulin load, dietary fibre and whole grains. The following health-related outcomes are examined: body weight-related outcomes, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, dental caries and periodontal diseases.
The new evidence-based guideline on ‘Carbohydrate intake and health-related outcomes’ will replace the guideline on carbohydrate intake from 2011. Hauner et al., Ann Nutr Metab (2012); 60 (suppl 1): 1–58
Evidence-based guideline on dietary protein intake and health-related outcomes
The evidence-based guideline on protein intake of the DGE addresses the relation between the quantity and type of dietary protein and the outcomes blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, bone health, body weight-related outcomes, cancer, muscle health, kidney health and type 2 diabetes in the general adult population.
- Protein intake and cardiovascular diseases: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline on protein intake of the German Nutrition Society. Egert et al., Eur J Nutr 2025; 64
- Protein intake and cancer: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society. Kühn et al., Eur J Nutr 2024; 61
- Dietary protein and blood pressure: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and evaluation of the evidence. Boeing et al., Eur J Nutr, 2024; 63
- Protein intake and body weight, fat mass and waist circumference: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline on protein intake of the German Nutrition Society. Ellinger et al., Eur J Nutr,2023; 63
- Protein intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline for protein intake of the German Nutrition Society. Schulze et al., Eur J Nutr, 2023; 63
- Protein intake and risk of urolithiasis and kidney diseases: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society. Remer et al., Eur J Nutr, 2023; 62
- Protein intake and bone health: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society. Zimmermann et al., Osteoporosis Int; 2023; 34
- Dietary protein intake and health-related outcomes: a methodological protocol for the evidence evaluation and the outline of an evidence to decision framework underlying the evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society. Kroke et al., Eur J Nutr, 2022; 61
Evidence-based guideline on dietary fat intake and health-related outcomes
The DGE guideline ‘Fat intake and prevention of selected nutrition-related diseases’ examined the association between the quantity and quality of dietary fats and the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipoproteinaemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer.
- Evidence-based guideline of the German Nutrition Society: Fat intake and prevention of selected nutrition-related diseases. Wolfram et al., Ann Nutr Metab 67 (2015)
- Fat intake and prevention of selected nutrition-related diseases. Dinter et al., Ann Nutr Metab 67 (2015)
- Fish intake and prevention of selected nutrition-related diseases. Dinter et al., Ernahrungs Umschau 63 (2016)